Interactive first aid information system

ABSTRACT

In general, the invention is directed to techniques for determining appropriate first aid and applying first aid that is appropriate. A first aid system receives patient status information from an input device or a sensor, and presents first aid information as a function of the received patient status information. The first aid system may be incorporated with an external defibrillator. The first aid system may acquire patient status information through an interaction with an operator, in which the first aid system asks the operator to supply patient status information. In one embodiment of the invention, the operator may supply patient status information by touching a diagram representing at least a portion of a human body.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/580,398 filed Oct. 16, 2009, which is a divisional of U.S.application Ser. No. 10/620,742, filed Jul. 16, 2003, which issued asU.S. Pat. No. 7,623,915 on Nov. 24, 2009. This application is also adivisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/620,742. The entire contentof U.S. application Ser. Nos. 12/580,398 and 10/620,742 is incorporatedherein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to medical devices, and more particularly, tomedical devices used in the application of first aid.

BACKGROUND

When a patient experiences a medical emergency, it may be important forthe patient to begin receiving medical care as soon as possible. In somecases, the first persons to administer medical care or assistance arepersons other than trained medical personnel. This immediate medicalassistance or emergency care, usually rendered by a person or personsother than trained medical personnel, is called “first aid.”

First aid can greatly affect the outcome of a medical emergency. In somecases, the medical emergency can be resolved by the application of firstaid alone. In other cases, first aid provides valuable assistance to thepatient until trained medical personnel can treat the patient.

Some venues such as restaurants, sporting facilities, shopping malls andauditoriums have first aid kits on site. Inside a typical first aid kitis an assortment of supplies that can be used by a person to aid inproviding medical care. The first aid kit can also include instructions,such as a first aid manual, which provides instruction to the untrainedperson about how to provide medical care. The first aid instructionstypically employ common language and non-technical terms for the benefitof a person not trained to provide medical care.

Some venues also have on site medical devices applicable to specificmedical situations. One such device is an automated externaldefibrillators (AED). In general, an AED is a device that can detectfibrillation in the heart of a patient and deliver defibrillationtherapy to terminate the fibrillation and restore a sinus rhythm.

SUMMARY

In general, the invention is directed to techniques for determiningappropriate first aid and applying first aid that is appropriate. Afirst aid system collects and processes patient status information,e.g., information pertaining to the condition, status, appearance, age,gender, weight, vital signs, symptoms or complaints of a patient.Although a patient may use the first aid system by himself, theinvention will be described in the context of use by at least oneoperator, who interacts with the first aid system and who administersthe first aid.

The first aid system may receive the patient status information from theoperator or from one or more sensors. The first aid system presentsfirst aid information as a function of the received patient statusinformation.

“First aid information” is any data pertaining to first aid. One exampleof first aid information is a presumptive first aid diagnosis, which isan identification of the nature or cause of the condition of thepatient, based upon the received patient status information. First aidinformation also includes first aid instructions, such as directionsconcerning the use of a first aid supply or directions pertaining to anapplication of a first aid technique. In general, first aid instructionsare associated with particular presumptive first aid diagnoses, and thefirst aid system presents first aid information according to thepresumptive diagnosis that seems to best describe the actual conditionof the patient.

The first aid system may acquire patient status information throughiterative interaction with the operator. The first aid system may, forexample, interrogate the operator about a general condition of thepatient, and may receive patient status information from the operator inresponse to the interrogation. The first aid system may then direct amore specific interrogation to the operator as a function of thereceived patient status information.

The interaction may be by presentation of a menu, or by a series ofyes-no questions, or by other interrogation techniques. In oneembodiment, the invention is directed to a method that includesdisplaying a diagram representing at least a portion of a human body andreceiving a selection of a part of the displayed human body. The methodfurther includes presenting first aid information as a function of theselection. This method may be useful in emergencies in which the patientreports severe pain. By pointing to a diagram, the operator can enterpatient status information, i.e., the location where the patient isexperiencing pain.

In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method comprisingpresenting a menu of patient conditions, receiving a selection from themenu, and presenting first aid information as a function of theselection. The method can further comprise receiving additional patientstatus information from an input device or a sensor, or both, andpresenting the first aid information as a function of the patient statusinformation. Also in some applications, the method further comprisesgenerating an interrogation as a function of the selection, receiving aresponse to the interrogation and presenting the first aid informationas a function of the response.

In further embodiments, the invention is directed to a device comprisingan electrical source to generate electrotherapy, such as adefibrillation shock, at least two electrodes coupled to the electricalsource to deliver the electrotherapy to a patient, and at least oneoutput device to communicate first aid information to a person. Thedevice can further comprise one or more input devices and sensors toreceive patient status information. The device can also include acompartment to hold a first aid supply.

In an additional embodiment, the invention presents a method comprisingreceiving a first aid procedure, storing the first aid procedure inmemory and presenting first aid information as a function of the firstaid procedure.

In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method comprisingrequesting first patient status information, receiving the first patientstatus information, storing the received first patient statusinformation in memory, receiving second patient status information, andpresenting first aid information as a function of the first and secondpatient status information. Examples of the first patient statusinformation include information about the patient, such as age, birthdate, gender, ethnicity, height, weight, medical history, and amedication taken by the patient.

In a further embodiment, the invention is directed to a methodcomprising directing a person to apply at least one defibrillationelectrode to a conscious patient. The method further includes measuringthe electrocardiogram of the patient via the defibrillation electrodeand presenting first aid information as a function of the measurement.

In an added embodiment, the invention is directed to a system comprisinga first sensor to receive first patient status information, a secondsensor to receive second patient status information, and at least oneoutput device to present first aid information.

In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method comprisingreceiving an identification of a patient, retrieving from memory patientstatus information associated with the identified patient, andpresenting first aid information as a function of the patient statusinformation. The identification of the patient may be made with theassistance of the operator or with the assistance of a sensor, such as afingerprint sensor or eye scanner.

The invention further includes computer-readable media comprisinginstructions for causing a programmable processor to carry out themethods described above.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features andobjects of the invention will be apparent from the description anddrawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a first aid system incorporated with adefibrillator that may practice the techniques of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a housing for adefibrillator with a first aid supply compartment, in accordance withthe invention.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary screen display illustrating the presentation offirst aid information in the form of a menu of conditions, according toone embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is an exemplary screen display illustrating an interrogation witha diagram representing at least a portion of a human body, according toone embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is an exemplary screen display showing another interrogation witha more specific diagram representing a portion of a human body,according to another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is an exemplary screen display demonstrating anotherinterrogation using a yes-no format, according to another embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 7 is an exemplary screen display showing first aid informationincluding a presumptive first aid diagnosis and a first aid instruction,according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is an exemplary screen display showing a direction to an operatorthat includes written and graphical instructions, according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is another exemplary screen display showing a direction to anoperator that includes written and graphical instructions, according toan embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 is an exemplary screen display that includes multipleinterrogations, according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 11 is an exemplary screen display showing first aid informationincluding a presumptive first aid diagnosis and a first aid instruction,according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 12 is flow diagram illustrating an exemplary first aid procedurethat can be applied by a first aid system.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary first aidsub-procedure that can be included in the procedure shown in FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is s a schematic diagram of an exemplary system for updatingfirst aid procedures applied by a first aid system.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary technique forupdating first aid procedures applied by a first aid system.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating a technique for collectingpatient status information about one or more particular patients.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a patient 8 with an exemplary firstaid system 10. In FIG. 1, first aid system 10 is incorporated with anexternal defibrillator 12. As a result of the incorporation, certaincomponents used for administering an electrotherapy, such asdefibrillation therapy, may also be used and for general first aidadministration. Defibrillator 12 is an example of a medical device withwhich the invention may be practiced, but the invention is not limitedto practice with a defibrillator. The invention may be practiced withother medical devices that monitor or administer therapy to patient 8,such as an electronic blood pressure monitor. The invention may also bepracticed as a “stand-alone” application, i.e., a first aid system notassociated with a medical device that monitors or administers therapy topatient 8.

An operator administers first aid to patient 8 with the assistance offirst aid system 10. In some circumstances, the patient and the operatormay be the same person, i.e., the patient may use first aid system 10 toadminister first aid to himself. For simplicity, however, it will beassumed that the operator and the patient are distinct persons. Theoperator is assumed to have limited training in medical care.

In addition to conventional first aid, the operator may also administeran electrotherapy to patient 8 with defibrillator 12, which may be anautomated external defibrillator (AED). Electrotherapy includes any of aseveral therapies that administer electrical stimulations to patient 8,such as pacing therapy and defibrillation therapy. For simplicity,defibrillation therapy will be described as an exemplary form ofelectrotherapy.

Defibrillator 12 administers defibrillation therapy to patient 8 viaelectrodes 14 and 16, which can be hand-held electrode paddles oradhesive electrode pads placed on the skin of patient 8. The body ofpatient 8 provides an electrical path between electrodes 14 and 16.

Electrodes 14 and 16 are coupled to defibrillator 12 via conductors 18and 20 and interface 22. In a typical application, interface 22 includesa receptacle, and connectors 18, plug into the receptacle. Electricalimpulses or signals are sensed by defibrillator 12 via electrodes 14 and16 and interface 22. Electrical impulses or signals are also deliveredfrom defibrillator 12 to patient 8 via electrodes 14 and 16 andinterface 22.

Interface 22 includes a switch (not shown in FIG. 1) that, whenactivated, couples an energy storage device 24 to electrodes 14 and 16.Energy storage device 24 stores the energy for a dosage of energy orcurrent to be delivered to patient 8. The switch can be of conventionaldesign and can be formed, for example, of electrically operated relays.Alternatively, the switch can comprise an arrangement of solid-statedevices such as silicon-controlled rectifiers or insulated gate bipolartransistors.

Energy storage device 24 includes components, such as one or morecapacitors, that store the energy to be delivered to patient 8 viaelectrodes 14 and 16. Before a defibrillation shock may be delivered topatient 8, energy storage device 24 is charged. A microprocessor 26directs a charging circuit 28 to charge energy storage device 24 to ahigh voltage level. Charging circuit 28 comprises, for example, aflyback charger that transfers energy from a power source 32 to energystorage device 24. Power source 32 may comprise, for example, batteriesand/or an adapter to an exterior power source such as an electricaloutlet. In addition to supplying energy to charging circuit 28 andenergy storage device 24, power source 32 also supplies power to othercomponents of external defibrillator 12 via a power supply circuit (notshown in FIG. 1).

When microprocessor 26 determines, based upon electrical signals sensedvia electrodes 14 and 16, that a defibrillation shock is indicated,microprocessor 26 automatically directs charging circuit 28 to begincharging. When the energy stored in energy storage device 24 reaches thedesired level, defibrillator 12 is ready to deliver the defibrillationshock. Defibrillator 12 delivers the shock either automatically ormanually.

Defibrillator 12 interacts with the operator via one or more inputdevices 30 and one or more output devices 34. Input device 30 maycomprise, for example, one or more buttons, a keyboard, a touch screen,a voice recognition module or a pointing tool. Output device 34 mayinclude a touch screen, a liquid crystal display (LCD display), a lightemitting diode (LED) display, an organic LED (OLED) display, a cathoderay tube (CRT) display, an electroluminescent display, a plasma display,an audible sound generator, a synthetic speech module, a printer or anindicator light.

Defibrillator 12 notifies the operator that charging is completed usingoutput device 34. The operator can acknowledge the notification and canindicate readiness using input device 30. In some embodiments, theoperator triggers delivery of a defibrillation shock by pressing abutton. Defibrillator 12 delivers a defibrillation shock to patient 8.

Microprocessor 26 controls delivery of defibrillation therapy. Inaddition to controlling the delivery of a defibrillation shock,microprocessor 26 modulates the electrical shock delivered to patient 8.Microprocessor 26 can, for example, regulate the shape of the waveformof one or more electrical pulses and the duration of the pulses.Microprocessor 26 also monitors electrocardiogram (ECG) signals sensedvia electrodes 14 and 16, and may determine whether a defibrillationshock is indicated as a function the ECG signals. Microprocessor 26 canalso evaluate the efficacy of administered defibrillation therapy.

In addition, microprocessor 26 controls delivery of therapy via one ormore other therapy devices 40. Therapy device 40 may be any device thatadministers therapy to patient 8. One example of therapy device 40 is anautomated chest thumper, which can mechanically administer chestcompressions to patient 8. Some embodiments of the invention do notinclude any therapy device 40, and rely on the operator to administertherapy.

Further, as described in more detail below, microprocessor 26 controlscollection and organization of information pertaining to administrationof first aid. In particular, microprocessor 26 processes information todetermine one or more presumptive first aid diagnoses. Microprocessor 26controls interrogation of the operator via input device 30 and outputdevice 34 concerning the condition of patient 8. Microprocessor 26further analyses other data such as the ECG signals sensed viaelectrodes 14 and 16. Microprocessor 26 also receives input from one ormore sensors 38. Microprocessor 26 uses patient status informationreceived via electrodes 14, 16, input device 30, and sensors 38 todetermine a presumptive first aid diagnosis and to present other firstaid information.

Sensor 38 measures or detects patient status information, such as thevital signs of patient 8 or any other symptom or condition. Sensor 38can include, for example, a temperature sensor, an ECG monitor such as aHolter monitor, an oxygen sensor, a carbon dioxide sensor, a respiratorysensor, and a blood pressure monitor. Sensor 38 can also include anexpanded electrode set, such as a twelve-, five- or three-lead electrodeset. An expanded electrode set can be used to detect ECG signals moreefficiently than electrodes 14 and 16, and can be used to provide a morethorough analysis of a condition of the heart of patient 8.Microprocessor 26 analyzes data from sensor 38 and may store the data inmemory 36.

Sensor 38 also includes devices that can identify patient 8, such as avoice recognition module, a fingerprint scanner or a retinal scanner. Insome cases, first aid system may be customized for one or more specificpatients, and identification of a particular patient causes previouslystored patient status information for that patient to be retrieved.First aid system 10 can also learn the identity of patient 8 in otherways, as will be described below.

Memory 36 can include volatile storage, such as random access memory,and/or non-volatile storage, such as Flash memory or a hard disk. Memory36 stores instructions that direct the operation of microprocessor 26.In addition, memory 36 stores data concerning patient 8 anddefibrillator 12, as well as events, such as an administereddefibrillation therapy or readings from sensors 38.

Memory 36 also stores “first aid information,” which is any datapertaining to first aid. First aid information includes a “presumptivefirst aid diagnosis,” which is an identification of the nature or causeof the condition of patient 8, based upon patient status informationreceived via electrodes 14, 16, input device 30, and sensors 38. Apresumptive first aid diagnosis may be general or specific.

First aid information also includes “first aid instructions,” which areany instructions that pertain to rendering of first aid. First aidinstructions include directions to the operator about using apparatussuch as sensor 38 or a therapy device 40. First aid instructions alsoinclude directions to the operator concerning the use of a first aidsupply, such as directions for application of a bandage. First aidinstructions further include directions to the operator pertaining to anapplication of a first aid technique, such as techniques to stopbleeding.

First aid information also includes “first aid procedures,” which relatefirst aid instructions and presumptive first aid diagnoses, and whichare used by microprocessor 26 to determine a presumptive first aiddiagnosis. A first aid procedure is a general plan by which first aidsystem 10 can determine a presumptive first aid diagnosis and presentfirst aid information as a function of patient status information. Byapplying a first aid procedure, first aid system 10 narrows down thenumber of possible presumptive first aid diagnoses, and focuses on firstaid for the particular problem experienced by patient 8. A singlecondition or symptom, such as feeling faint, may be associated withseveral possible specific presumptive diagnoses, such as low bloodpressure, low blood sugar, heat exhaustion, stress or stroke. Byinteraction with the operator via input and output devices 30, 34, andby analyzing patient status information received via electrodes 14, 16and sensors 38, microprocessor 26 focuses upon a presumptive first aiddiagnosis. Examples of first aid procedures and techniques for focusingupon a presumptive first aid diagnosis will be discussed below.

Typically each presumptive first aid diagnosis is associated with firstaid information appropriate to that presumptive diagnosis. When thepresumptive first aid diagnosis is an abrasion, for example, first aidsystem 10 may present the operator with first aid information pertainingto treatment of an abrasion. A general presumptive first aid diagnosis,such as a presumptive diagnosis that the patient feels faint, may beassociated with general first aid information, such as a direction thatthe patient should be instructed to lie down. A more specificpresumptive first aid diagnosis, such as a presumptive diagnosis thatthe patient is going into shock, may be associated with more specificfirst aid information, such as a direction that the patient should bekept warm and comfortable and that fluids should not be administered.

First aid information generally employs a level of language that can beunderstood by someone not trained to provide medical care. First aidinformation is not limited to written or verbal information, however,but further includes graphical information as well. For example, a firstaid graphic can include a diagram of a human body with associated textasking for the operator to indicate the site on the body where thepatient feels pain. Graphical first aid information can be presented asany combination of animation, video clip, step-wise instructions, flowdiagram, picture, drawing or the like. First aid information furtherincludes audible alarms or alerts that call the attention of theoperator to a matter of importance.

First aid system 10 interacts with the operator through input device 30and output device 34. The interactions can occur in a number of ways. Inan exemplary interaction, first aid system 10 presents a menu of patientconditions via output device 34. First aid system 10 may, for example,present the menu by displaying the menu on a touch screen. The operatoruses input device 30, which may include the same touch screen, to selectthe patient condition from the menu that most closely describes thecircumstances of patient 8. Microprocessor 26 presents first aidinformation to the operator as a function of the selected patientcondition.

Selection of a patient condition from a menu is one way in which firstaid system 10 receives “patient status information,” which includes anyinformation pertaining to the condition, status, appearance, age,gender, weight, vital signs, symptoms or complaints of patient 8. Aswill be described in detail below, there are many other techniques bywhich first aid system 10 can acquire patient status information.

Furthermore, as described in more detail below, first aid system 10 andthe operator can interact iteratively. For example, output device 34 maypresent a menu of general conditions that relate to frequentlyencountered medical situations, such as “unconscious” or “severe pain.”After the operator makes a selection from the menu and first aid system10 receives the selection, first aid system 10 may display a second menucomprising more specific patient conditions.

With each interaction, first aid system 10 focuses on a possiblepresumptive diagnosis. A response by the operator to one interrogationmay cause first aid system 10 to generate a second, more specificinterrogation that can lead to determination of a presumptive diagnosis.By receiving more specific information about the patient condition,first aid system 10 focuses in on the nature of the condition of thepatient by considering presumptive diagnoses that are more likely, andby eliminating presumptive diagnoses that are less likely. In somecircumstances, first aid system 10 may determine a general presumptivediagnosis, then interact with the operator to determine a more specificpresumptive diagnosis.

Interaction between the operator and first aid system 10 may include aseries of menu-driven interrogations and responses. The interaction neednot be menu-driven, however, and other interaction techniques aredescribed below. Furthermore, the interaction may include instructionsthat direct the operator to apply one or more sensors 38 to patient 8.First aid system 10 can use data collected via one or more sensors 38 tofocus on a possible presumptive diagnosis.

In some circumstances, iterative interaction is unnecessary. Inparticular, the operator may be aware of patient status informationwithout progressing through the iterative presentation of first aidinformation and associated entry of patient conditions. Instead, firstaid system 10 can give the operator the option to enter patient statusinformation directly, e.g., by entering a specific symptom or byselecting a condition from an alphabetized index.

First aid system 10 may present first aid information as a function ofpatient status information other than or in addition to patient statusinformation received from the operator. For example, first aid system 10may present first aid information as a function of ECG data received viasensors 38 or electrodes 14 and 16. First aid system 10 may direct theoperator may couple electrodes 14 and 16 to patient 8 when patient 8exhibits chest pains, is unconsciousness, or presents other signs of aheart problem. As will be described below, first aid system 10 may alsodirect the operator to couple electrodes 14 and 16 to patient 8 undercircumstances that ordinarily may not require defibrillation therapy.

First aid system 10 may present first aid information in the form of apresumptive first aid diagnosis. In general, a “presumptive first aiddiagnosis” is a probable identification of the condition of patient 8 orthe cause of the condition, based upon patient status informationreceived via electrodes 14 and 16, input device 30 or sensor 38 or anycombination thereof. The diagnosis is “presumptive” in the sense that itpresumes that the received patient status information is correct.

In place of or in addition to a presumptive first aid diagnosis, firstaid system 10 may present first aid information in the form ofinstructions for further treatment of patient 8, or further informationconcerning the condition of patient 8. First aid system 10 may, forexample, tell the operator which first aid supply to use and how to useit, or instruct the operator as to an application of a first aidtechnique, such as an instruction to elevate the legs of patient 8.First aid system 10 may also direct the operator to apply therapy device40 and may instruct the operator in the application of therapy device40.

Some circumstances may call for the prompt attention of the operator,and first aid system 10 may generate first aid information in the formof an alarm or an alert to direct the attention of the operator to thematter needing attention. First aid system 10 may generate an audible orvisible alarm or alert with alarm module 42. Alarm module 42 can notifythe operator of a critical patient condition, or of a need to supplyimportant patient status information, or the occurrence of a pendingdefibrillation shock, or the like.

First aid system 10 may further include a communication module 44.Communication module 44 may be configured to summon emergency medicalpersonnel. Communication module 44 can include a wireless communicationdevice, such as a cellular phone, that calls an emergency service tosummon emergency medical personnel. Communication module 44 may furtherbe configured to establish a communications link with a network, asdescribed below.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a housing 50 that serves as a carryingcase for a first aid system. As depicted in FIG. 2, housing 50 is acarrying case for an external defibrillator such as defibrillator 12.Housing 50 includes a first aid supply compartment 52, which holds firstaid supplies 54. Typical first aid supplies 54 can include bandages,gauze, scissors, medication and the like. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 2, first aid supply compartment 52 is implemented as a drawer builtinto housing 50, and is divided into smaller compartments 52A, 52B, toaid in organization and labeling of first aid supplies. First aid supplycompartment 52 need not be implemented as a drawer, but may beimplemented in other configurations, such as a cabinet built intohousing 50 or a pouch coupled to housing 50.

Housing 50 includes at least one input device and output device tointeract with the operator. As depicted in FIG. 2, housing 50 includestouch screen display 56. Display 56 can present interrogationsconcerning the condition of the patient and can present first aidinformation to the operator. As shown in FIG. 2, the first aidinformation can include a graphical illustration 58 to show the operatorwhere a particular first aid supply is stored. Display 56 can furtherinstruct the operator concerning use of the first aid supply 54.

There are many variations on the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2. Forexample, housing 50 may include open like a suitcase, allowing access toelectrodes 14 and 16, and display 56 may be deployed in the interior ofhousing 50. Although housing 50 need not include a touch screen display,the invention will be described in terms of information presented by adisplay such as touch screen.

As already mentioned, first aid system 10 may be incorporated withmedical devices other than a defibrillator. Accordingly, housing 50 maycomprise a carrying case for other medical devices, such as anelectronic blood pressure cuff or an electronic thermometer. In someembodiments of the invention, the first aid system includes noassociated monitoring or therapy devices, and in these embodiments,housing 50 serves as a carrying case for first aid supplies 54.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary screen display 60 that may be used in a first aidsystem and that may be presented on an output device system such as atouch screen display. Screen display 60 illustrates the presentation offirst aid information, and in particular, a menu of patient conditions62A-62E (collectively 62).

The menu of screen display 60 may be a default introductory screenpresented to the operator when the operator initially activates thefirst aid system. Screen display 60 may be appropriate when the firstaid system is deployed in a public location. In some cases, however, thefirst aid system may be principally for the benefit of specificindividuals, such as the members of a family residing in a household. Inthat embodiment, the introductory screen may be replaced by a requestthat the patient may be identified. The introductory screen may presenta list of potential patients, along with the names of the familymembers. A technique for receiving and storing patient statusinformation for one or more potential patients will be described below.An “Another Person” option may also be presented, in the event thepatient is not a member of the family or a person for which any patientstatus information has been previously stored.

When the introductory screen presents a list of possible patients,selection of a patient efficiently inputs one or more items of patientstatus information that have been previously stored in the first aidsystem. For example, the gender of the patient may be established. Theage, weight, and ethnicity of the patient may also be established, alongwith the medical history of the patient. Each of these items of patientstatus information may be important in determining a presumptive firstaid diagnosis, and may be important in reaching the presumptivediagnosis more quickly. If the medical history of a patient includes aprevious heart attack, a past trauma, a history of taking a particularmedication, a history of high blood pressure, or any other medicalevent, the first aid system may use this information to determine thepresumptive diagnosis. In addition, use of the first aid system mayautomatically update the medical history of the particular patient forfuture use. Following identification of the patient, the first aidsystem may present screen display 60.

Listed conditions 62 may represent the most common conditions that theoperator is likely to encounter, or the most serious conditions. Asdepicted in FIG. 3, menu 62 lists serious conditions first:unconsciousness, bleeding or trauma, severe pain, and dizziness orshortness of breath. Listed conditions 62 are for purposes ofillustration, and more, fewer, or different conditions may be displayed.One of the selections, shown as “Other Condition,” may be selected whenthe patient's condition is not on the menu. The operator can select anyof conditions with an input device, e.g., by touching the screen at theappropriate place.

The operator may also be given an option of selecting an index 64. Whenthe operator selects index 64, the screen displays an index of medicalconditions or diagnoses, and the operator may select a topic from theindex. The operator may select “Heartburn,” for example, and the firstaid system may present first aid information about heartburn without aniterative interaction between the first aid system and the operator. The“Index” feature may further allow the operator to use the first aidsystem as a reference, and obtain a presentation of first aidinformation about a variety of subjects. In other illustrative screendisplays described below, the “Index” option may be available.

The operator may also be given the option of requesting help 66. Likethe “Index” option, the “Help” option may be available on several screendisplays. Although the “Help” option may refresh the recollection of theoperator concerning operation of the first aid system, an advantage ofthe menu-driven and other interactive techniques described herein isthat the techniques are logical and intuitive. In an emergency, theoperator may successfully use the first aid system without having hisrecollection fully refreshed.

When the operator selects a condition 62 from the menu, the menu maydisappear from the display and different information may appear on thedisplay, according the selection. In particular, the microprocessorretrieves information stored in memory as a function of patient statusinformation indicated by the selection and displays the information. Thedisplayed information may comprise first aid information, which mayinclude a presumptive first aid diagnosis, instructions for using afirst aid supply, or directions for applying a first aid technique inword or graphical form. The displayed information may further includeinterrogations that ask the operator to provide additional patientstatus information.

Should the operator select “Bleeding/Trauma,” for example, the first aidsystem may interrogate the operator about the site of bleeding or thenature of the trauma. Should the operator select “Severe Pain,” thefirst aid system may interrogate the operator about the location, natureand extent of the pain. Further interrogation may be by a menu, similarto that depicted in FIG. 3, or by a series of “yes-no” questions, or byother interrogation techniques.

FIG. 4 is an exemplary screen display 70 illustrating an interrogationtechnique. As shown in FIG. 4, the technique may be implemented in afirst aid system having a touch screen, but may also be adapted forfirst aid systems having another pointing device, such as a pen or amouse. The operator has previously entered patient status information tothe effect that the patient is in severe pain, e.g., by touching the“Severe Pain” part of the screen shown in FIG. 3. In response to thepatient status information, the first aid system interrogates further bypresenting a diagram 72 representing a human body, along with aninstruction 74 to the operator to touch the part of diagram 72 where thepatient feels pain. In other words, the operator is directed to select apart of the displayed human body 72.

Had the operator incorrectly selected the “Severe Pain” option, theoperator could undo the error by touching the “Back” option 76. Like the“Index” and “Help” options, the “Back” option may be available onseveral screen displays. Although not shown in the figures, a “Home” or“Start Over” option, or other navigational options, may also bepresented.

In FIG. 4, the operator has selected the upper torso 76, which has beenhighlighted. When the first aid system receives the selection of a partof the displayed human body, the first aid system may present first aidinformation as a function of the selection, or may interrogate theoperator further.

FIG. 5 is an exemplary screen display 80 showing a furtherinterrogation. In response to the selection of the upper torso, thefirst aid system presents a diagram 82 of an upper chest, along with aninstruction 84 to the operator to touch the part of the body where thepatient feels pain. Diagram 82 shows a more specific region of the bodythan diagram 72 in FIG. 4. By interrogating about a more specific regionof the body, the first aid system can narrow down the number of possiblepresumptive first aid diagnoses, and can focus on first aid for theparticular problem experienced by the patient.

In cases in which the patient is already established as female, adiagram showing female anatomy may be displayed in place of a diagramshowing male anatomy. In the event the gender of the patient has not yetbeen established, the operator may select a “Female” option 86, whichmay cause the first aid system to display of a female upper torso. Insome circumstances, the anatomical differences between male and femalemay be important, and the operator may select the portion of the anatomyin which the patient feels pain. In variations of the invention,additional options may be presented, such as options to display diagramsfor a child or an infant.

In cases in which the patient is experiencing upper back or neck pain,the operator may select an “Upper Back/Neck” option 88, which may causethe first aid system to display the upper back, rather than the chest.

Once again, the operator is directed to select a part of displayed humanbody 82. The first aid system receives the selection, and may displayfirst aid information as a function of the selection, or may interrogatefurther.

FIG. 6 is an exemplary screen display 90 demonstrating a furtherinterrogation without displaying a portion of a human body. Inparticular, screen display 90 is an example of what could be displayedshould the patient select the center of the chest when touching humanchest diagram 82 in FIG. 5. Pain in the center of the chest is often asymptom of a heart attack, and screen display 90 addresses this issueright away.

The first aid system presents an interrogation 92, asking the operatorto report whether or not the patient is experiencing any of the symptomsin a list 94. The operator may answer the interrogation affirmatively byselecting the “Yes” option 96A, and may answer negatively by selectingthe “No” option 96B.

FIG. 7 is an exemplary screen display 100 that may be generated when theoperator selects “Yes” in response to interrogation 92. Screen display100 includes a written emergency alert 102, notifying the operator thatthe condition of the patient may be extremely serious, and that thepatient should receive medical attention right away. Written emergencyalert 102 may be accompanied by an audible alarm generated by an alarmmodule. Screen display 100 also includes a presumptive first aiddiagnosis 104, specifically, that the patient may be experiencing aheart attack. Screen display 100 also includes a direction 106 thatinstructs the operator what to do, specifically, to summon an ambulance.

In addition, screen display 100 may include a “Summon Ambulance” option108. The “Summon Ambulance” option allows the operator to summonemergency medical personnel without using the telephone. Selection ofthe “Summon Ambulance” option causes the microprocessor in the first aidsystem to send a message to emergency personnel via a communicationmodule. In a typical application, the message may be sent to anemergency service, which in turn summons the ambulance.

In addition to or in place of an option to summon emergency medicalpersonnel, screen display 100 may present information about obtainingmedical help, such as the telephone number of a local rescue service.When the patient's identity has been previously established as describedabove, screen display 100 may also present information that may beuseful to medical personnel, such as contact information for thepersonal physician of the patient, or the current patient prescriptions,the indicated hospital or insurance information.

FIG. 8 is an exemplary screen display 120 that may be generated when theoperator reports that the patient is experiencing chest pain. When thefirst aid system is incorporated with an external defibrillator, such asdefibrillator 12 in FIG. 1, the first aid system may instruct theoperator concerning deployment of electrodes 14, 16, to measure the ECGof the patient and evaluate the condition of the patient.

Screen display 120 includes a diagram 122 of a human figure withelectrodes deployed on the chest in the correct manner. An instruction124 directs the operator to apply the electrodes to the chest of thepatient as shown in diagram 122. Screen display 120 further includes abrief explanation 126, explaining what the first aid system is about todo. The explanation may also assure the operator and the patient thatmeasurement of the ECG does not involve a defibrillation shock.

Diagram 122 shows the operator how to position the electrodes on thepatient. This deployment of electrodes facilitates reading of the ECG ofthe patient, and also facilitates delivery of a defibrillation shockshould such a shock be needed.

In some cases, however, the ECG may be measured for reasons unrelated toadministering a defibrillation shock. Indeed, the ECG may be measuredwhen the patient is conscious exhibiting no need for defibrillationtherapy. Accordingly, screen display 120, or a variation thereof, may bedisplayed when the operator has entered information indicating that thepatient's condition is something other than chest pain. For example, thefirst aid system may present a variation of screen display 120 when theoperator reports that the patient is unconscious, or when the operatorreports that the patient is conscious but feels short of breath. Anadvantage of incorporating the first aid system with an externaldefibrillator is that the first aid system may use defibrillationelectrodes or a set of dedicated ECG electrodes as sensors to acquireinformation about the condition of the patient without actuallydelivering defibrillation therapy. The first aid system may use the ECGto determine a presumptive diagnosis, or to refine a previouspresumptive diagnosis.

FIG. 9 is an exemplary screen display 130 illustrating a first aidinstruction. In particular, FIG. 9 illustrates an instruction thatdirects the operator as to use of equipment. Screen display 130 includesa diagram 132 of a human figure with a blood pressure cuff deployed onthe upper arm. An instruction 134 directs the operator to place theblood pressure cuff around the upper arm of the patient as shown indiagram 132. Screen display 130 further includes a brief explanation136, explaining that the first aid system will measure the patient'sblood pressure and heart rate. Blood pressure and heart rate are vitalsigns that may be important to medical personnel, and may further may beused by the first aid system to determine a presumptive first aiddiagnosis.

FIG. 10 is another exemplary screen display 140. The first aid systemmay generate screen display 140 in response to the measured heart rateand blood pressure. Should the patient have a low blood pressure, forexample, the first aid system may interrogate the operator to determinewhether the low blood pressure is having physical effects. A drop inblood pressure may indicate that the patient is going into shock.

Screen display 140 includes multiple interrogations. First interrogation142 is accompanied by a first set of answer selections 144, and secondinterrogation 146 is accompanied by a second set of answer selections148. Display of multiple interrogations may be appropriate when apotentially serious condition, such as shock, is possible. Display ofmultiple interrogations may also be appropriate the interrogations arenot dependent upon on another. In FIG. 10, interrogations 142, 146pertain to the coherence and skin tone of the patient. Some patientconditions may affect coherence, others may affect skin tone, andothers, such as shock, may affect both.

FIG. 11 is an exemplary screen display 150 showing first aidinformation. In particular, the first aid information includes a writtenalert 152, a presumptive first aid diagnosis 154, and directions to theoperator to administer treatment 156. The first aid system hasdetermined a presumptive diagnosis of shock, as a function of bloodpressure measurements, the responses of the operator to interrogations,or both.

Written alert 152, which may be may be accompanied by an audible alarmgenerated by an alarm module, notifies the operator that the patientneeds attention. Presumptive diagnosis 154 notifies the operator why thepatient needs attention, and instructions 156 tell the operator what todo, and what not to do, to treat the patient for shock. Although theoperator is instructed to summon an ambulance, the operator is furtherinstructed how to treat the patient pending the arrival of emergencypersonnel.

As shown by FIGS. 3-11, interactions between the first aid system andthe operator can lead to the determination of a presumptive first aiddiagnosis and the presentation of first aid information. In general,through a series of interrogations, measurements and instructions, thefirst aid system collects patient status information. The first aidsystem focuses in on a presumptive first aid diagnosis that correspondsto the condition of the patient and informs the operator how to proceed.

FIG. 12 is flow diagram illustrating an exemplary technique by which afirst aid system can determine a presumptive first aid diagnosis andpresent first aid information as a function of patient statusinformation. In particular, the flow diagram of FIG. 12 illustrates afirst aid procedure by which a first aid system can narrow down thenumber of possible presumptive first aid diagnoses, and can focus onfirst aid for the particular problem experienced by the patient.

In the example of FIG. 12, it is assumed that the patient has complainedof chest pain. The first aid system interrogates the operator as towhether the patient has the symptoms of a heart attack (160), such as bypresenting exemplary screen display 90 shown in FIG. 6 or by following amore detailed procedure shown in FIG. 13. If the operator responds inthe affirmative, then the first aid system determines a presumptivediagnosis of heart attack (162) and may present information such as thatshown in exemplary screen display 100 in FIG. 7.

When the response from the operator indicates that the patient does nothave the symptoms of a heart attack, the first aid system continues toreceive further patient status information. The first aid system mayreceive patient status information via interrogation of the operator.The interrogation may pertain to the current condition of the patient(e.g., 164, 166) or to the medical history of the patient (e.g., 168,170). In some cases, the first aid system may have previously storedmedical history for a particular patient. In those cases, questionspertaining to medical history may be omitted, or the operator may beasked to confirm the medical history.

In addition, the first aid system may receive patient status informationvia one or more sensors. The exemplary procedure includes at least onedirection to the operator (172) to apply a sensor, such as a temperaturesensor or blood pressure cuff, to the patient. The first aid system mayuse patient status information obtained via the sensor (174) todetermine a presumptive diagnosis (176, 178).

In the exemplary procedure shown in FIG. 12, the first aid systemrecommends a course of action for the operator or patient or both. Insome cases, the presumptive diagnosis indicates that the condition ofthe patient is serious, and so the first aid system recommends that thepatient obtain prompt, professional medical care (162, 176, 178, 180).In other cases, the first aid system does not recommend the patientneeds professional medical care. In those cases, the operator or thepatient may be instructed about appropriate home therapy or medication(182, 184, 186). In the event that the patient status information doesnot result in a presumptive diagnosis, the first aid system may includean instruction that the patient should consult a physician (188).

The first aid system may apply various procedures for a variety ofconditions. The procedures, which may be represented as flow diagramslike FIG. 12, may be directed to a variety of illnesses, injuries, andother health-related concerns. The invention encompasses procedure andflow diagrams for a variety of health-related concerns, and is notlimited to chest pain. In addition, the invention is not limited to theprocedure for addressing chest pain shown in FIG. 12. The procedure maychange depending upon what sensors are available. For example, a firstaid system incorporated with a defibrillator may apply a procedure thatdirects the operator to apply electrodes to the chest of the patient,such as exemplary screen display 120 shown in FIG. 8.

From time to time, a particular procedure for addressing a particularhealth-related concern may be updated or improved. The procedure maytake into account new diseases, new medications, new methods oftreatment, new diagnostic techniques, and the like. Also, new proceduresmay be added, or the procedures may be customized for a particularpatient, venue, geographical region, or the like.

FIG. 13 is flow diagram illustrating a first aid procedure that may be asub-procedure of the first aid procedure shown in FIG. 12. In theexample of FIG. 13, it is again assumed that the patient has complainedof chest pain. Instead of presenting exemplary screen display 90 shownin FIG. 6, the first aid system may interrogate apply a modifiedprocedure. In particular, the first aid system may ask whether thepatient is experiencing physical symptoms of a heart attack (190), i.e.,whether the patient is experiencing pain in certain parts of the body.The interrogation may include a diagram 192 showing the parts of thebody that may be affected if the patient is suffering a heart attack.

If the patient does not have pain consistent with a heart attack, thefirst aid system may continue the interrogation (194), e.g., by askingwhether the patient is short of breath (164 in FIG. 12). If, on theother hand, the patient does complain of pain consistent with a heartattack, the first aid system may direct the operator to apply sensors toevaluate the heart rhythm of the patient. When the first aid system isincorporated with a defibrillator, for example, the operator may bedirected to apply defibrillation electrodes 14 and 16. An instructionsuch as exemplary screen 120 shown in FIG. 8 may be presented to tellthe operator how to apply the electrodes.

When the sensors are coupled to the patient, the first aid systemanalyzes the ECG of the patient (198). When analysis of the ECGindicates a cardiac emergency (200), the first aid system summonsmedical help at once or directs the operator to do so (202). The firstaid system may also interrogate the operator further about the currentcondition of the patient or the medical history of the patient (204,206, 208) and may determine a presumptive diagnosis of heart attack as afunction of the received patient status information. In alternateembodiments, interrogations about current condition and medical history(204, 206, 208) may be performed before or during ECG analysis (198).

In the event that the first aid system is unable to reach a presumptivediagnosis of heart attack, the first aid system may nevertheless directthe patient to seek medical help immediately (210).

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary system 220 for updatingfirst aid procedures. A central server 222 stores a plurality of firstaid procedures in a storage element 224. Storage 224 may be any mediumfor storing computer-readable instructions or data, such as a magneticor optical storage medium.

Server 222 communicates with a client first aid system 226 via acommunications network 228. Network 228 may be any network, including alocal network, the Internet, a telephone network or a wirelesscommunication network. First aid system 226 may connect to network 228via a communication module. The communication may be initiated by server222 or client first aid system 226.

Server 222 may interrogate client first aid system 226 as to the set offirst aid procedures being implemented by client first aid system 226.When an update is appropriate, server 222 may download new or updatedprocedures to client first aid system 226 via network 228. Client firstaid system 226 receives and stores the procedures.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary technique forupdating first aid procedures. Client first aid system 226 communicatesan identification of one or more first aid procedures to server 222(230), and may do so in response to an interrogation from server 222.First aid procedures may be identified by a code number, version number,or any other identifier. Upon receiving the identification (232), server222 verifies the first aid procedure (234) and determines whether anupdate is indicated. When an update is indicated, server 222 retrievesan updated procedure from storage site 224 and communicates the updatedfirst aid procedure to client first aid system 226 (236).

Client first aid system 226 receives the update (238) and stores it inmemory (240). Storing the updated first aid procedure may includedeleting an older procedure and replacing the older procedure with theupdated procedure. Storing the updated procedure may also includeretaining the older procedure but incorporating updates to the olderprocedure. Storing the updated procedure may further include adding asub-procedure to an older procedure. When used by an operator attendingto a patient, client first aid system 226 may apply the updated firstaid procedure (242).

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary technique forcollecting patient status information about one or more particularpatients. As discussed above, an embodiment of the invention can beprincipally for the benefit of specific individuals, such as the membersof a family residing in a household. Patient status informationpertaining to the anticipated patients may be entered into the first aidsystem before a need for first aid arises.

The first aid system may collect patient status information in any ofseveral ways. One way is to present a questionnaire (250), asking forinformation about the potential patient. The questionnaire may ask forthe name of the patient, age or birth date, gender, ethnicity, bloodtype, height, weight, and the like. The questionnaire may ask questionsabout current practices, such as questions about alcohol or tobaccousage. The questionnaire may also collect information about medicalhistory, such as surgery, implants, trauma, heart attacks, high bloodpressure, allergies, respiratory problems and so forth. Thequestionnaire may inquire into medications taken by the patient. Thequestionnaire may further ask for information about a doctor or doctorsfor the patient, along with contact information. The questionnaire mayask for information about insurance coverage. The first aid system mayask for other kinds of information as well.

The first aid system receives the responses (252) and stores theresponses in memory (254). The responses are associated with theidentity of the particular patient. Some patient status information,such as the age of the patient, may be updated automatically by thefirst aid system. Other patient status information, such as height,weight and tobacco usage habits, which may or may not vary substantiallyover time, may be updated if the patient status information changes.Further, some patient status information may be updated automaticallyfollowing use of the first aid system. If the patient exhibits highblood pressure, for example, the first aid system may update the medicalhistory of the patient to reflect the high blood pressure.

In a first aid situation, the first aid system presents first aidinformation according to the stored patient status information (256). Inan embodiment mentioned above, an introductory screen can present a listof possible patients, and selection of a patient from the list causesthe previously stored patient status information to be retrieved. Thepatient can also be identified with a sensor such as a fingerprintsensor.

When the patient has been identified, the first aid system retrievesfrom memory the patient status information associated with theidentified patient, and presents first aid information as a function ofthe retrieved patient status information. The first aid system can, forexample, present a human body diagram appropriate for the age and genderof the patient. The first aid system may also use medical history ratherthan interrogating an operator, or may ask the operator to confirm themedical history. The medical history can assist first aid system inmaking some decisions more quickly. The first aid system can also reacha presumptive diagnosis as a function of previously entered patientstatus information.

The invention may offer several advantages. By employing the invention,the operator not trained to provide medical care can respond to amedical condition quickly. Based upon information received viaelectrodes, input devices and sensors, the first aid system candetermine a presumptive diagnosis and show the operator how to proceed.The invention helps guide the untrained operator until trained medicalpersonnel arrive or the emergency is resolved.

The interactions between the first aid system and the operator can bearranged logically and intuitively, so that the operator will be able touse the first aid system effectively. Various embodiments of theinvention may incorporate warning signals, large writing, simplediagrams, and plain language to assist the operator and avoid confusion.

The invention is versatile. The invention may be embodied with a varietyof medical devices, or may be embodied as a “stand-alone” device. Theinvention may be embodied with a variety of input and output devices,and with an assortment of sensors. The displayed text and graphicinformation may be adapted to particular geographic locations.Furthermore, invention encompasses updates so that a first aid systemmay apply new, improved or customized first aid procedures.

The invention accommodates updates and customization. A first aid systemmay download new or updated first aid procedures from a remote source.As a result, the first aid system can stay current on varioushealth-related matters and first aid procedures. A first aid system mayalso be customized to particular patients, making presentation of firstaid information more efficient for those patients.

When the invention is incorporated with an external defibrillator, theexternal defibrillator takes on additional functionality. In particular,use of the defibrillator need not be limited to serious emergencies.Instead, the defibrillator may be used for less urgent first aidsituations. The availability of AEDs at various venues may make theadded functionality attractive. In the case of a medical emergency, anoperator need not worry whether to retrieve a first aid kit or an AED,but may readily retrieve both at the same time.

Various embodiments of the invention have been described. These specificembodiments are illustrative of the practice of the invention. Variousmodifications may be made without departing from the scope of theclaims. For example, the screen displays depicted in the figures are forillustrative purposes. A first aid system may present information inmany other ways.

The invention need not be incorporated in a single device. A first aidsystem may comprise a plurality of devices. A first aid system mayinclude discrete sensors or therapy devices, for example, whichcommunicate with one another via wireless or hardwired connections.

The invention need not address a full range of first aid concerns. Insome embodiments of the invention, the first aid system may beconfigured to address a restricted number of first aid concerns. In someembodiments of the invention, the first aid system may obtain patientstatus information for a presumptive first aid diagnosis from sensors,without operator interrogation.

The patient status information may be stored in memory for laterretrieval. In an emergency, for example, emergency personnel or hospitalpersonnel may retrieve patient status information from the first aidsystem. The retrieved patient status information may be useful indiagnosing or treating the patient, and result in a more completemedical record for the patient. It may also be useful to retrieve firstaid information stored in memory. An output device included in the firstaid system, such as a serial port or a printer, can output the patientstatus information and the first aid information stored in the memory.In another variation, the memory module may in a removable form, such asa memory stick, magnetic card or a floppy disk, and patient statusinformation may be retrieved by retrieving the memory module from thefirst aid system.

The invention includes software to carry out the techniques describedherein. The invention may be embodied as a computer-readable medium thatincludes instructions for causing a programmable processor to carry outthe methods described above. A “computer-readable medium” includes butis not limited to read-only memory, Flash memory and a magnetic oroptical storage medium. The instructions may be implemented as one ormore software modules, which may be executed by themselves or incombination with other software.

The instructions and the media are not necessarily associated with anyparticular computer or other apparatus, but may be carried out byvarious general-purpose or specialized machines. The instructions may bedistributed among two or more media and may be executed by two or moremachines. The machines may be coupled to one another directly, or may becoupled through a network.

The invention may also be embodied as one or more devices that includelogic circuitry to carry out the functions or methods as describedabove. The logic circuitry may include a processor that may beprogrammable for a general purpose or may be dedicated, such asmicrocontroller, a microprocessor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP),Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), and the like. These andother embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

1. A method for a station, comprising: receiving a first aid procedure; storing the first aid procedure in a memory of the station; and presenting, at the station, first aid information as a function of the first aid procedure.
 2. The method of claim 1, in which the first aid procedure is received via a network.
 3. The method of claim 1, in which the first aid procedure is an updated first aid procedure, the method further comprising replacing a first aid procedure previously stored in the memory with the updated first aid procedure.
 4. The method of claim 1, in which the first aid procedure is an updated first aid sub-procedure, the method further comprising adding the first aid sub-procedure to an older first aid procedure stored in the memory.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating an interrogation as a function of the first aid procedure; receiving a response to the interrogation; and presenting, at the station, the first aid information as a function of the response.
 6. The method of claim 1, in which the first aid information comprises at least one of a presumptive first aid diagnosis, an instruction that directs a use of a first aid supply, and an instruction that directs an application of a first aid technique.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: displaying a diagram representing at least a portion of a human body as a function of the first aid procedure; receiving a selection of a part of the displayed human body; and presenting, at the station, first aid information as a function of the selection.
 8. The method of claim 7, in which the portion of the human body is a first potion, the method further comprising displaying a second portion of the human body as a function of the selection, in which the second portion depicts a more specific region of the body than the first portion.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: presenting a menu of patient conditions as a function of the first aid procedure; receiving with a selection from the menu; and presenting, at the station, first aid information as a function of the selection.
 10. The method of claim 9, in which the selection comprises first patient status information, the method further comprising: receiving second patient status information from an input device; and presenting, at the station, the first aid information as a function of the second patient status information.
 11. A computer-readable medium comprising instructions for causing a programmable processor to: receive a first aid procedure; store the first aid procedure in a memory; and present first aid information as a function of the first aid procedure.
 12. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, in which the first aid procedure is received via a network.
 13. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, in which the first aid procedure is an updated first aid procedure, the instructions further causing the processor to replace a first aid procedure previously stored in the memory with the updated first aid procedure.
 14. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, in which the first aid procedure is an updated first aid sub-procedure, the instructions further causing the processor to add the first aid sub-procedure to an older first aid procedure stored in the memory.
 15. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, the instructions further causing the processor to: generate an interrogation as a function of the first aid procedure; receive a response to the interrogation; and present the first aid information as a function of the response.
 16. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, in which the first aid information comprises at least one of a presumptive first aid diagnosis, an instruction that directs a use of a first aid supply, and an instruction that directs an application of a first aid technique.
 17. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, the instructions further causing the processor to: display a diagram representing at least a portion of a human body as a function of the first aid procedure; receive a selection of a part of the displayed human body; and present first aid information as a function of the selection and of the first aid procedure.
 18. The computer-readable medium of claim 17, in which the portion of the human body is a first potion, the instructions further causing the processor to display a second portion of the human body as a function of the selection, in which the second portion depicts a more specific region of the body than the first portion.
 19. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, the instructions further causing the processor to: present a menu of patient conditions as a function of the first aid procedure; receive with a selection from the menu; and present first aid information as a function of the selection.
 20. The computer-readable medium of claim 19, in which the selection comprises first patient status information, the instructions further causing the processor to: receive second patient status information from an input device; and present the first aid information as a function of the second patient status information. 